RecRoom
RecRoom
RecRoom
Team of One • August - December 2022
Team of One
August - December 2022
Team of One • August - December 2022
The
Client
The Client
The Client
Public libraries are entryways to knowledge and culture – they offer free resources that create opportunities for education and growth for people of all ages and backgrounds. Libraries can help shape the new ideas that are vital to a creative and forward thinking society, however public library usage continues to be on the decline. Without patrons consistently utilizing free library resources, these institutions face not only budget cuts, staff shortages, and fewer hours, but also the inevitable shuttering of these public spaces.
Public libraries are entryways to knowledge and culture – they offer free resources that create opportunities for education and growth for people of all ages and backgrounds. Libraries can help shape the new ideas that are vital to a creative and forward thinking society, however public library usage continues to be on the decline. Without patrons consistently utilizing free library resources, these institutions face not only budget cuts, staff shortages, and fewer hours, but also the inevitable shuttering of these public spaces.
Public libraries are entryways to knowledge and culture – they offer free resources that create opportunities for education and growth for people of all ages and backgrounds. Libraries can help shape the new ideas that are vital to a creative and forward thinking society, however public library usage continues to be on the decline. Without patrons consistently utilizing free library resources, these institutions face not only budget cuts, staff shortages, and fewer hours, but also the inevitable shuttering of these public spaces.
The Problem
The Problem
The Problem
How do we get users to physically return to the library? Nowadays most people have the potential to carry a global library device in their pocket at all times. Users have forgotten all about taking advantage of this free resource. The challenge is to increase public engagement with the library, ensuring that libraries continue to receive their necessary city and state funding to stay open. I was given the fascinating task to find out why people aren’t using the library in the first place and what needed to be improved for a better library experience. I worked on all aspects of the design – starting from the research of what we already know about the library, to interviewing our users and eventually designing all elements of a visually pleasing app to solve their frustrations.
How do we get users to physically return to the library? Nowadays most people have the potential to carry a global library device in their pocket at all times. Users have forgotten all about taking advantage of this free resource. The challenge is to increase public engagement with the library, ensuring that libraries continue to receive their necessary city and state funding to stay open. I was given the fascinating task to find out why people aren’t using the library in the first place and what needed to be improved for a better library experience. I worked on all aspects of the design – starting from the research of what we already know about the library, to interviewing our users and eventually designing all elements of a visually pleasing app to solve their frustrations.
How do we get users to physically return to the library? Nowadays most people have the potential to carry a global library device in their pocket at all times. Users have forgotten all about taking advantage of this free resource. The challenge is to increase public engagement with the library, ensuring that libraries continue to receive their necessary city and state funding to stay open. I was given the fascinating task to find out why people aren’t using the library in the first place and what needed to be improved for a better library experience. I worked on all aspects of the design – starting from the research of what we already know about the library, to interviewing our users and eventually designing all elements of a visually pleasing app to solve their frustrations.
The Method
The Method
The Method
Empathize
Primary Research
Secondary Research
User Interviews
Primary Research
Secondary Research
User Interviews
Primary Research
Secondary Research
User Interviews
Define
Affinity Map
Empathy Map
Personas
How Might We
Affinity Map
Empathy Map
Personas
How Might We
Affinity Map
Empathy Map
Personas
How Might We
Ideate
User Stories
Information Architecture
User Flows
Sketches
Wireframes
User Stories
Information Architecture
User Flows
Sketches
Wireframes
User Stories
Information Architecture
User Flows
Sketches
Wireframes
Prototype
Branding
Design System
High Fidelity Mockups
Branding
Design System
High Fidelity Mockups
Branding
Design System
High Fidelity Mockups
Test
Accessibility Audit
Usability Testing
Accessibility Audit
Usability Testing
Accessibility Audit
Usability Testing
Reflect
Lessons Learned
Next Steps
Lessons Learned
Next Steps
Lessons Learned
Next Steps
The Research
The Research
The Research
Secondary Research
Secondary Research
Secondary Research
To better frame the challenge the library is facing, I first needed to confirm my hypothesis that the library is an underutilized resource.
“Library use has been in steady decline across the nation. There is a 31 percent decline in public library building use between 2000 and 2018” (Abrams 2022). After the onset of the pandemic in March 2020, libraries had to rapidly adapt and put more of its content online in order to stay relevant as a community resource. However, the investment in digital materials is only taking away funds from the top priority and value to library users, which is printed books (Albanese 2021). Additionally, licensing digital material can be up to 3 and a half times more expensive, so it would almost be cheaper to give a patron money to buy an ebook rather than license it for the library (Albanese 2021).
I also needed to understand what users value from the public library. What resources are people using at the library?
In a 2021 survey done in Seoul of 1076 participants, researchers found that the primary reason for library use was to read and borrow books. The secondary reason was to borrow books for their children’s reading. In terms of dissatisfaction with using the library, the most common reason was a lack of materials and second was a delay in acquiring materials (Shin, et al, 2021).
To better frame the challenge the library is facing, I first needed to confirm my hypothesis that the library is an underutilized resource.
“Library use has been in steady decline across the nation. There is a 31 percent decline in public library building use between 2000 and 2018” (Abrams 2022). After the onset of the pandemic in March 2020, libraries had to rapidly adapt and put more of its content online in order to stay relevant as a community resource. However, the investment in digital materials is only taking away funds from the top priority and value to library users, which is printed books (Albanese 2021). Additionally, licensing digital material can be up to 3 and a half times more expensive, so it would almost be cheaper to give a patron money to buy an ebook rather than license it for the library (Albanese 2021).
I also needed to understand what users value from the public library. What resources are people using at the library?
In a 2021 survey done in Seoul of 1076 participants, researchers found that the primary reason for library use was to read and borrow books. The secondary reason was to borrow books for their children’s reading. In terms of dissatisfaction with using the library, the most common reason was a lack of materials and second was a delay in acquiring materials (Shin, et al, 2021).
To better frame the challenge the library is facing, I first needed to confirm my hypothesis that the library is an underutilized resource.
“Library use has been in steady decline across the nation. There is a 31 percent decline in public library building use between 2000 and 2018” (Abrams 2022). After the onset of the pandemic in March 2020, libraries had to rapidly adapt and put more of its content online in order to stay relevant as a community resource. However, the investment in digital materials is only taking away funds from the top priority and value to library users, which is printed books (Albanese 2021). Additionally, licensing digital material can be up to 3 and a half times more expensive, so it would almost be cheaper to give a patron money to buy an ebook rather than license it for the library (Albanese 2021).
I also needed to understand what users value from the public library. What resources are people using at the library?
In a 2021 survey done in Seoul of 1076 participants, researchers found that the primary reason for library use was to read and borrow books. The secondary reason was to borrow books for their children’s reading. In terms of dissatisfaction with using the library, the most common reason was a lack of materials and second was a delay in acquiring materials (Shin, et al, 2021).
Primary Research
Primary Research
Primary Research
Next, I wanted to see if what I learned aligns with library users in the US. I created a screener survey asking people when was the last time they went to the library, what they typically use the library for, among a few other questions. If participants are infrequent users (less than once a year), I wanted to know the reasons why. I was surprised to learn that patrons of the library were either using it extremely regularly (weekly or monthly), or haven’t been a user in years. The main reason to go is to check out books or find a quiet place to study. And why don’t people use the library? 63.2% of people said they have simply forgotten about the library. I found this to be surprising and wanted to learn more.
Next, I wanted to see if what I learned aligns with library users in the US. I created a screener survey asking people when was the last time they went to the library, what they typically use the library for, among a few other questions. If participants are infrequent users (less than once a year), I wanted to know the reasons why. I was surprised to learn that patrons of the library were either using it extremely regularly (weekly or monthly), or haven’t been a user in years. The main reason to go is to check out books or find a quiet place to study. And why don’t people use the library? 63.2% of people said they have simply forgotten about the library. I found this to be surprising and wanted to learn more.
Next, I wanted to see if what I learned aligns with library users in the US. I created a screener survey asking people when was the last time they went to the library, what they typically use the library for, among a few other questions. If participants are infrequent users (less than once a year), I wanted to know the reasons why. I was surprised to learn that patrons of the library were either using it extremely regularly (weekly or monthly), or haven’t been a user in years. The main reason to go is to check out books or find a quiet place to study. And why don’t people use the library? 63.2% of people said they have simply forgotten about the library. I found this to be surprising and wanted to learn more.
I use the library daily
I use the library once a week
I use the library once a month
I use the library a few times a year
I use the library once a year
I use the library once every few years
I don’t use the public library
I don’t have time
The library is too far
The library doesn’t have what I need
The library is closed when I am free
I prefer to support my local bookstore
I forget about using the library
I don’t know what the library offers
Unfamiliar with using the library
Stopped going during pandemic
User Interviews
User Interviews
User Interviews
I gained the most insight from conducting five 30 minute interviews with frequent and infrequent library users. It was vital to understand both sides – what is working or not working for patrons, and what would motivate non patrons to come back to solve our problem. When speaking with frequent users, I learned that there is a deep connection with the library. Many spoke about how going to the library felt like a form of self care, or how reading gave them a break from the digital screen and truly helped them relax. Those who haven’t stepped foot in a library spoke about it with nostalgia, often concluding that they would really like to go back, almost frustrated that life got too busy.
Throughout these interviews, the most common cause for frustration spoken by both users and non users was waiting for a book that was on hold or unavailable. I created an affinity map to better distinguish the key themes and insights gleaned from my interviews. After confirming that the most prominent resource of the library is checking out a printed book, I knew I needed to aid the frustrations surrounding this service.
I gained the most insight from conducting five 30 minute interviews with frequent and infrequent library users. It was vital to understand both sides – what is working or not working for patrons, and what would motivate non patrons to come back to solve our problem. When speaking with frequent users, I learned that there is a deep connection with the library. Many spoke about how going to the library felt like a form of self care, or how reading gave them a break from the digital screen and truly helped them relax. Those who haven’t stepped foot in a library spoke about it with nostalgia, often concluding that they would really like to go back, almost frustrated that life got too busy.
Throughout these interviews, the most common cause for frustration spoken by both users and non users was waiting for a book that was on hold or unavailable. I created an affinity map to better distinguish the key themes and insights gleaned from my interviews. After confirming that the most prominent resource of the library is checking out a printed book, I knew I needed to aid the frustrations surrounding this service.
I gained the most insight from conducting five 30 minute interviews with frequent and infrequent library users. It was vital to understand both sides – what is working or not working for patrons, and what would motivate non patrons to come back to solve our problem. When speaking with frequent users, I learned that there is a deep connection with the library. Many spoke about how going to the library felt like a form of self care, or how reading gave them a break from the digital screen and truly helped them relax. Those who haven’t stepped foot in a library spoke about it with nostalgia, often concluding that they would really like to go back, almost frustrated that life got too busy.
Throughout these interviews, the most common cause for frustration spoken by both users and non users was waiting for a book that was on hold or unavailable. I created an affinity map to better distinguish the key themes and insights gleaned from my interviews. After confirming that the most prominent resource of the library is checking out a printed book, I knew I needed to aid the frustrations surrounding this service.
The Personas
The Personas
The Personas
So what are the most common frustrations that keep users from borrowing a book from the library? Let’s take a look at these insights through our two personas that I created to represent the key audience: Sophie and Mallory.
So what are the most common frustrations that keep users from borrowing a book from the library? Let’s take a look at these insights through our two personas that I created to represent the key audience: Sophie and Mallory.
So what are the most common frustrations that keep users from borrowing a book from the library? Let’s take a look at these insights through our two personas that I created to represent the key audience: Sophie and Mallory.
Sophie
Sophie is a frequent library user who often checks out books from the library, but doesn’t hesitate to purchase a book when it’s on hold. She feels like she never knows how long she will have to wait. Since Sophie is an avid reader, she is always looking for recommendations on what to read next. She gets a little confused by the catalog system and feels frustrated that her library is only separated between fiction and nonfiction. She’d prefer greater refinement with different subgenres to choose from.
Sophie
Sophie is a frequent library user who often checks out books from the library, but doesn’t hesitate to purchase a book when it’s on hold. She feels like she never knows how long she will have to wait. Since Sophie is an avid reader, she is always looking for recommendations on what to read next. She gets a little confused by the catalog system and feels frustrated that her library is only separated between fiction and nonfiction. She’d prefer greater refinement with different subgenres to choose from.
Sophie
Sophie is a frequent library user who often checks out books from the library, but doesn’t hesitate to purchase a book when it’s on hold. She feels like she never knows how long she will have to wait. Since Sophie is an avid reader, she is always looking for recommendations on what to read next. She gets a little confused by the catalog system and feels frustrated that her library is only separated between fiction and nonfiction. She’d prefer greater refinement with different subgenres to choose from.
The
Project
Objective
How could I help Sophie and Mallory feel a greater sense of control when looking for a book to read for fun? How could the library recommend books that are available for pickup the same day? How can I reduce Sophie and Mallory’s frustrations when checking out a book, to bring users back to the library and promote its core resource, proving that libraries deserve proper funding as a valued community entity?
I wanted to reduce the effort of finding a book to read through recommending books that are available to pick up immediately. The app will not be recommending any books that are unavailable or on hold. I wanted to simplify the decision making process through filtering genres and subgenres. And finally, to minimize the cognitive load for the users and provide five recommendations at one time that they can simply swipe through.
The
Project
Objective
How could I help Sophie and Mallory feel a greater sense of control when looking for a book to read for fun? How could the library recommend books that are available for pickup the same day? How can I reduce Sophie and Mallory’s frustrations when checking out a book, to bring users back to the library and promote its core resource, proving that libraries deserve proper funding as a valued community entity?
I wanted to reduce the effort of finding a book to read through recommending books that are available to pick up immediately. The app will not be recommending any books that are unavailable or on hold. I wanted to simplify the decision making process through filtering genres and subgenres. And finally, to minimize the cognitive load for the users and provide five recommendations at one time that they can simply swipe through.
The
Project
Objective
How could I help Sophie and Mallory feel a greater sense of control when looking for a book to read for fun? How could the library recommend books that are available for pickup the same day? How can I reduce Sophie and Mallory’s frustrations when checking out a book, to bring users back to the library and promote its core resource, proving that libraries deserve proper funding as a valued community entity?
I wanted to reduce the effort of finding a book to read through recommending books that are available to pick up immediately. The app will not be recommending any books that are unavailable or on hold. I wanted to simplify the decision making process through filtering genres and subgenres. And finally, to minimize the cognitive load for the users and provide five recommendations at one time that they can simply swipe through.
The Solutions
The Solutions
Selecting a Library
Selecting a Library
Selecting a Library
To begin designing, I tried a few different User Flows to find the best way for Sophie and Mallory to find their book. This exercise led me to decide that I wanted users to select their library as the first step. This way, users are automatically in control of where they will need to go, they can choose what is most convenient for them from the beginning. They won’t feel frustrated by selecting a book to learn that it’s only available in a different town altogether. As we learned from Mallory, time is an important factor when it comes to selecting a book and getting it into her possession – I wanted to make it as convenient as possible.
In my first round of usability testing, I observed that when users were prompted to select their library by typing in the library’s name, there was a pause showing confusion. This led me to redesign this page and add the ability to search by location, such as city or zip code. Users could select their library on a map, and were able to navigate through this step with ease. Again, now users are in control of this process, they know exactly where they are and where they will be going to pick up their library book. The discomfort from the first round of testing is diminished.
To begin designing, I tried a few different User Flows to find the best way for Sophie and Mallory to find their book. This exercise led me to decide that I wanted users to select their library as the first step. This way, users are automatically in control of where they will need to go, they can choose what is most convenient for them from the beginning. They won’t feel frustrated by selecting a book to learn that it’s only available in a different town altogether. As we learned from Mallory, time is an important factor when it comes to selecting a book and getting it into her possession – I wanted to make it as convenient as possible.
In my first round of usability testing, I observed that when users were prompted to select their library by typing in the library’s name, there was a pause showing confusion. This led me to redesign this page and add the ability to search by location, such as city or zip code. Users could select their library on a map, and were able to navigate through this step with ease. Again, now users are in control of this process, they know exactly where they are and where they will be going to pick up their library book. The discomfort from the first round of testing is diminished.
To begin designing, I tried a few different User Flows to find the best way for Sophie and Mallory to find their book. This exercise led me to decide that I wanted users to select their library as the first step. This way, users are automatically in control of where they will need to go, they can choose what is most convenient for them from the beginning. They won’t feel frustrated by selecting a book to learn that it’s only available in a different town altogether. As we learned from Mallory, time is an important factor when it comes to selecting a book and getting it into her possession – I wanted to make it as convenient as possible.
In my first round of usability testing, I observed that when users were prompted to select their library by typing in the library’s name, there was a pause showing confusion. This led me to redesign this page and add the ability to search by location, such as city or zip code. Users could select their library on a map, and were able to navigate through this step with ease. Again, now users are in control of this process, they know exactly where they are and where they will be going to pick up their library book. The discomfort from the first round of testing is diminished.
First Iteration
First Iteration
First Iteration
Second Iteration
Second Iteration
Second Iteration
Selecting a Category
Selecting a Category
Selecting a Category
Once the library was selected, I designed the next part of the app to allow users to refine what types of recommendations they will view. After a simple choice between fiction and nonfiction, the Select a Category page allows users to filter many different subgenres before seeing five book recommendations. This will aid Sophie, who knows exactly what subgenres of book she’d like to read and could encourage Mallory to browse different genres and expand her interests since there is no cost involved. This gives both users freedom and control in discovering and selecting books that will truly be of interest to them.
Once the library was selected, I designed the next part of the app to allow users to refine what types of recommendations they will view. After a simple choice between fiction and nonfiction, the Select a Category page allows users to filter many different subgenres before seeing five book recommendations. This will aid Sophie, who knows exactly what subgenres of book she’d like to read and could encourage Mallory to browse different genres and expand her interests since there is no cost involved. This gives both users freedom and control in discovering and selecting books that will truly be of interest to them.
Once the library was selected, I designed the next part of the app to allow users to refine what types of recommendations they will view. After a simple choice between fiction and nonfiction, the Select a Category page allows users to filter many different subgenres before seeing five book recommendations. This will aid Sophie, who knows exactly what subgenres of book she’d like to read and could encourage Mallory to browse different genres and expand her interests since there is no cost involved. This gives both users freedom and control in discovering and selecting books that will truly be of interest to them.
Select a Category Flow
Select a Category Flow
Select a Category Flow
Swipe through
Recommendations
Swipe through
Recommendations
Swipe through Recommendations
Once a category is selected, the app is designed for users to swipe through five different recommendations. The choice to only show five books reduces the cognitive load and avoids inundating the users with too many options. I learned in user interviews that an endless amount of choice could lead to no decision on what to read at all. Sophie will no longer be browsing endlessly for just the right book to read and Mallory will not feel overwhelmed when finally exploring a new genre.
However, in my usability testing the swiping feature was not apparent at all. Four out of five testers did not swipe to find more recommendations. They got stuck on the first page of recommended books and needed instruction to move ahead. Many immediately clicked Borrow once they got to the first page. This indicated to me that the design was not optimal in letting the users know there are more book recommendations through swiping. I was hopeful that the carousel would be the indicator, but many solely thought this was more product shots of the book.
To fix this, I added a hint of the next book on the right hand side of the page, a bit smaller and at a lower opacity. This made a drastic difference. In the second round of testing, all of the five participants were able to find multiple book suggestions through swiping.
Once a category is selected, the app is designed for users to swipe through five different recommendations. The choice to only show five books reduces the cognitive load and avoids inundating the users with too many options. I learned in user interviews that an endless amount of choice could lead to no decision on what to read at all. Sophie will no longer be browsing endlessly for just the right book to read and Mallory will not feel overwhelmed when finally exploring a new genre.
However, in my usability testing the swiping feature was not apparent at all. Four out of five testers did not swipe to find more recommendations. They got stuck on the first page of recommended books and needed instruction to move ahead. Many immediately clicked Borrow once they got to the first page. This indicated to me that the design was not optimal in letting the users know there are more book recommendations through swiping. I was hopeful that the carousel would be the indicator, but many solely thought this was more product shots of the book.
To fix this, I added a hint of the next book on the right hand side of the page, a bit smaller and at a lower opacity. This made a drastic difference. In the second round of testing, all of the five participants were able to find multiple book suggestions through swiping.
Once a category is selected, the app is designed for users to swipe through five different recommendations. The choice to only show five books reduces the cognitive load and avoids inundating the users with too many options. I learned in user interviews that an endless amount of choice could lead to no decision on what to read at all. Sophie will no longer be browsing endlessly for just the right book to read and Mallory will not feel overwhelmed when finally exploring a new genre.
However, in my usability testing the swiping feature was not apparent at all. Four out of five testers did not swipe to find more recommendations. They got stuck on the first page of recommended books and needed instruction to move ahead. Many immediately clicked Borrow once they got to the first page. This indicated to me that the design was not optimal in letting the users know there are more book recommendations through swiping. I was hopeful that the carousel would be the indicator, but many solely thought this was more product shots of the book.
To fix this, I added a hint of the next book on the right hand side of the page, a bit smaller and at a lower opacity. This made a drastic difference. In the second round of testing, all of the five participants were able to find multiple book suggestions through swiping.
First Iteration
First Iteration
First Iteration
Second Iteration
Second Iteration
Second Iteration
The
Conclusion
The
Conclusion
The
Conclusion
This project taught me so much about not only the value of the public library but also the value in designing an app that truly functions to solve a user based problem. I was surprised how much my initial assumptions about how to help the library had to pivot to meet the needs of the users. It was difficult for me to narrow in on one service the library offers (borrowing books) to solve – I found myself wanting to try to solve frustrations with every aspect of the library. Once I was able to do so, I had to remind myself to focus on creating a minimum viable product. I wanted to keep adding features but had to ask myself if the product solves the problem, and yes, it does. If Sophie and Mallory can discover and borrow a book for leisure reading from the library, the app is a success. The next release of the app will include a feature to save books to a Favorite’s list, find books based on titles that user’s have already read and enjoyed, and more ways to refine categories by topics, themes, or popularity. More to come!
This project taught me so much about not only the value of the public library but also the value in designing an app that truly functions to solve a user based problem. I was surprised how much my initial assumptions about how to help the library had to pivot to meet the needs of the users. It was difficult for me to narrow in on one service the library offers (borrowing books) to solve – I found myself wanting to try to solve frustrations with every aspect of the library. Once I was able to do so, I had to remind myself to focus on creating a minimum viable product. I wanted to keep adding features but had to ask myself if the product solves the problem, and yes, it does. If Sophie and Mallory can discover and borrow a book for leisure reading from the library, the app is a success. The next release of the app will include a feature to save books to a Favorite’s list, find books based on titles that user’s have already read and enjoyed, and more ways to refine categories by topics, themes, or popularity. More to come!
This project taught me so much about not only the value of the public library but also the value in designing an app that truly functions to solve a user based problem. I was surprised how much my initial assumptions about how to help the library had to pivot to meet the needs of the users. It was difficult for me to narrow in on one service the library offers (borrowing books) to solve – I found myself wanting to try to solve frustrations with every aspect of the library. Once I was able to do so, I had to remind myself to focus on creating a minimum viable product. I wanted to keep adding features but had to ask myself if the product solves the problem, and yes, it does. If Sophie and Mallory can discover and borrow a book for leisure reading from the library, the app is a success. The next release of the app will include a feature to save books to a Favorite’s list, find books based on titles that user’s have already read and enjoyed, and more ways to refine categories by topics, themes, or popularity. More to come!
Works Cited
Works Cited
Works Cited
Abrams, Samuel. “If Libraries Are About Finding the Truth, Let’s Be Honest About Their Decline.” American Enterprise Institute - AEI (blog), January 5, 2022. https://www.aei.org/politics-and-public-opinion/if-libraries-are-about-finding-the-truth-lets-be-honest-about-their-decline/.
Albanese, Andrew. “Report Urges Library Leaders to Address Decline in Public Library Usage Stats.” PublishersWeekly.com. Accessed August 19, 2022. https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/86256-report-urges-library-leaders-to-address-decline-in-public-library-usage.html.
Grace Donghee Shin, Jeon Kyungsun, and Lee Hye-Eun. “Public Library Needs Assessment to Build a Community-Based Library: Triangulation Method with a Social Media Data Analysis | Elsevier Enhanced Reader.” Accessed August 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2022.101142.
Abrams, Samuel. “If Libraries Are About Finding the Truth, Let’s Be Honest About Their Decline.” American Enterprise Institute - AEI (blog), January 5, 2022. https://www.aei.org/politics-and-public-opinion/if-libraries-are-about-finding-the-truth-lets-be-honest-about-their-decline/.
Albanese, Andrew. “Report Urges Library Leaders to Address Decline in Public Library Usage Stats.” PublishersWeekly.com. Accessed August 19, 2022. https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/86256-report-urges-library-leaders-to-address-decline-in-public-library-usage.html.
Grace Donghee Shin, Jeon Kyungsun, and Lee Hye-Eun. “Public Library Needs Assessment to Build a Community-Based Library: Triangulation Method with a Social Media Data Analysis | Elsevier Enhanced Reader.” Accessed August 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2022.101142.